Extended Data Fig. 2: The multiple drivers of cultural, aboveground regulating and provisioning, and belowground regulating ecosystem services in grasslands considering average-based multifunctionality indices.
From: The supply of multiple ecosystem services requires biodiversity across spatial scales
Total standardized effects were calculated based on the results of structural equation models (considering both direct and indirect effects of the predictors) for each predictor: environmental factors, plot-level (50 m × 50 m) plant diversity, field-level (75 m radius from the plot centre) plant diversity, field-level (75 m radius from the plot centre) land use, and landscape-level (1,000 m radius from the plot centre) land use. Models were fitted to four multifunctionality measures: cultural, aboveground regulating and provisioning, and belowground regulating ecosystem service multifunctionality. The total standardized effects correspond to the sum of standardized direct effects (that is individual paths) and indirect effects (that is the multiplied paths). For each multifunctionality measure, total standardized effects of the different predictors are ordered from the highest positive effect to the lowest negative effect. All predictors were scaled to allow interpretation of parameter estimates on a comparable scale. Plot-level and landscape-level predictors were log-transformed. n = 150 biologically independent samples.
