Fig. 4: Function annotations of major spider clusters.
From: Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the brain evolution of web-building spiders
a, Pairwise transcriptional similarity (measured by expression correlation) of cell clusters from Drosophila and Hylyphantes. b, Common cell cluster type between Drosophila and Hylyphantes. c, Proportion of multi-copy gene families in neuronal marker genes. d, Gene trees that represent different gene duplication events. e, Number of different duplication events in orthogroups of highly enriched marker genes. f, Pearson correlations of expression level (log (read count)) of duplicated genes (n = 67, 28, 12, 128 and 74 gene pairs for duplication type 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) based on the single-cell expression matrix. Statistical comparisons were performed by Kruskal Wallis test followed by post-hoc Dunn’s correction. Data in bar plots are mean ± standard errors (SEM). g, Selected known cell markers and their expression in the spider brain. rut: Kenyon cell marker; Foxp2: a transcription factor impairs vocal development in humans and songbirds; Acj6: optic lobe (T2/T3/T4/T5) marker; Vsx2: optic lobe (Pm3/Pm4, TmY8) marker; Fer2: Lawf1/2 marker. h, Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of Foxp2 genes from six spiders, two insects and other arthropods. Nodes with <90% bootstrap support are shown in the tree. Two copies of foxp2 in spiders are probably from a duplication event in the common ancestor of spiders and scorpions. i, Expressed divergence of two Foxp2 genes in spider and Foxp expressed patterns in Drosophila. j, GO enrichment analysis of neuron markers from different clusters. Reported P values were from one-sided of Fisher’s exact test with FDR-adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. k, Dot plot showing the expression patterns of mushroom body-related genes in clusters 6, 8 and 9 of the spider brains. l, The expression pattern of gene rhea. This gene is a marker gene of clusters 8 and 9. m, Synapsin (anti-SYNORF1, green) staining showed the structure of mushroom body (MB) in the spider brains. MBL, mushroom body lobes. MBC, mushroom bodycalyx. n, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining (blue) and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rhea (green) mark subset of MBs. Two independent biological replicates were performed to confirm the expression of rhea in the brain.
