Extended Data Fig. 1: Behavioral tasks used to assess behaviour in the 15 species. | Nature Ecology & Evolution

Extended Data Fig. 1: Behavioral tasks used to assess behaviour in the 15 species.

From: Problem-solving skills are predicted by technical innovations in the wild and brain size in passerines

Extended Data Fig. 1: Behavioral tasks used to assess behaviour in the 15 species.

(a) Feeding dish used throughout the captivity period, including for shyness assessment. (b-e) Novel objects used to assess neophobia on days 1 to 4, respectively. (F) ‘Lid-pulling’ problem-solving task. (g) ‘Lid-flipping’ problem-solving task. (h) ‘Lid-piercing’ problem-solving task. (i) ‘Stick-pulling’ problem-solving task. (j) Detour reaching task. An opaque cylinder was used for the training phase (left), and a transparent cylinder for the testing phase (right). (k) Color discrimination learning apparatus used to assess associative and reversal learning. All tasks have been constructed in three sizes, matching the body size of the tested birds. Image credits: Mélanie Couture and Jean-Nicolas Audet for all pictures.

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