Extended Data Fig. 3: Interspecific relationships between cognitive and personality traits.

Species’ average problem-solving performance is not associated with their average (a) shyness or (b) neophobia. Species’ average associative learning performance is not associated with their (c) shyness or (d) neophobia. Species’ average reversal learning performance is not associated with their (e) shyness or (f) neophobia. Self-control performance (detour-reaching task) is not associated with their (g) shyness or (h) neophobia. Graphs illustrate mean species’ trial values, logged personality latencies, and lines of values predicted by Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models. Filled blue circles, wild-caught songbird species; empty blue circles, domesticated songbird species (zebra finch and canary); red circles, the suboscine (Eastern phoebe); error bars: SEM; dashed trend lines: P_MCMC.adj > 0.05; species’ two-letter codes are listed in Supplementary Table 1; detailed results of MCMCglmm modelling and FDR-corrected p-values (P_MCMC.adj) are provided in Supplementary Table 2c.