Table 1 Summary of MCMCglmm final models assessing relationships between all measured cognitive traits and innovation or brain size

From: Problem-solving skills are predicted by technical innovations in the wild and brain size in passerines

Model	Dependent variable	Independent variable	post.mean	_l-95% C.I.	_u-95% C.I.	P_MCMC	P_MCMC.adj
1	Shyness	Technical innovation	−0.131	−0.322	0.059	0.166	0.663
2	Shyness	Food innovation	0.009	−0.180	0.202	0.931	0.931
3	Shyness	Absolute brain size	0.070	−0.535	0.676	0.807	0.931
4	Shyness	Relative brain size	0.315	−0.376	1.020	0.352	0.703
5	Neophobia	Technical innovation	−0.041	−0.325	0.244	0.754	0.919
6	Neophobia	Food innovation	−0.267	−0.508	−0.029	0.029	0.116
7	Neophobia	Absolute brain size	−0.222	−1.080	0.681	0.583	0.919
8	Neophobia	Relative brain size	−0.026	−1.003	1.005	0.919	0.919
9	Problem-solving	Technical innovation	−0.204	−0.362	−0.047	0.016	0.021
10	Problem-solving	Food innovation	−0.046	−0.224	0.132	0.584	0.584
11	Problem-solving	Absolute brain size	−0.587	−1.015	−0.165	0.011	0.021
12	Problem-solving	Relative brain size	−0.671	−1.188	−0.153	0.016	0.021
13	Associative learning	Technical innovation	−0.014	−0.107	0.080	0.758	0.758
14	Associative learning	Food innovation	0.034	−0.051	0.118	0.403	0.758
15	Associative learning	Absolute brain size	−0.109	−0.379	0.158	0.405	0.758
16	Associative learning	Relative brain size	−0.050	−0.371	0.272	0.744	0.758
17	Reversal learning	Technical innovation	−0.050	−0.180	0.079	0.422	0.562
18	Reversal learning	Food innovation	0.003	−0.120	0.125	0.954	0.954
19	Reversal learning	Absolute brain size	−0.277	−0.619	0.067	0.110	0.440
20	Reversal learning	Relative brain size	−0.224	−0.658	0.205	0.287	0.562
21	Self-control	Technical innovation	0.034	−0.108	0.177	0.622	0.830
22	Self-control	Food innovation	0.059	−0.071	0.188	0.348	0.697
23	Self-control	Absolute brain size	0.273	−0.101	0.658	0.147	0.590
24	Self-control	Relative brain size	−0.010	−0.491	0.477	0.965	0.965

The effects of published metrics were tested along with significant covariates, if any (not shown here; see Supplementary Table 5 for details), selected from full MCMCglmm models. All measured cognitive traits are expressed in trial numbers to succeed (logged); therefore, negative effects with innovation or brain size metrics indicate positive relationships (for example, higher problem-solving performance is associated with higher innovation rates). Innovation variables are corrected for species’ research effort. post.mean, posterior mean; _l-95%C.I., lower 95% confidence interval; _u-95%C.I., upper 95% confidence interval; P_MCMC, MCMC P value; P_MCMC.adj, FDR-corrected MCMC P value. Bold values denote significant relationships after FDR corrections. Sample size = 203 individuals, 15 species.

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Table 1 Summary of MCMCglmm final models assessing relationships between all measured cognitive traits and innovation or brain size

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