Extended Data Fig. 2: Tree species suitability in Europe throughout the 21^st century under severe climate change (RCP 8.5).

(a) Map of the number of tree species that are climatically suitable continuously throughout the 21^st century at 1 km² grid cells, and thus form the species pool that can be utilized by current forest management. (b) Percent of species from the current species pool (2020–2029) that cannot be sustained throughout the century. (c) Percent of species that are gained in grid cells (1 km²) at the end of the century (2090–2099) relative to the species that are climatically suitable throughout the century. Tick mark in legend shows the average value across Europe. Stylized figures illustrate exemplary climate niches (green ellipses) for (inset A) species that are climatically suitable throughout the 21^st century, (inset B) species suitable under current climate but not under the climate at the end of the century, and (inset C) species suitable only under future, but not current climate. Black lines exemplarily indicate climatic development in temperature-precipitation-space throughout the 21^st century.