Extended Data Fig. 9: Modelled historic effective population sizes (Ne) for Corydalis hemidicentra (Che) and Parnassius cephalus (Pce) populations at the NW and SE study sites.

a, Population split times among linages inferred with MSMC2. The relative cross-coalescence rate (RCCR) of C. hemidicentra reached a value of 0.5 at ~732,900 to 937,300 years ago. The RCCR of P. cephalus reached a value of 0.5 at ~1,069,000 to 1,367,000 years ago. b, Demographic histories of C. hemidicentra populations deduced from Stairway Plot 2. The grey shading indicates the LGM (the last glaciation maximum) and Xixiabangma glacial periods.