Extended Data Fig. 5: Optic lobe maturation and change in neurotransmitter usage.

a, UMAP of 17,468 cells E. berryi non-optic lobe perioesophageal brain control dataset. b-e, Evidence of optic lobe maturation and growth based on microCT imaging. b, Comparison of optic lobe morphology by microCT segmentation and rendering of optic lobes at 1 day post hatching (left) and 60 days post hatching (right) - posterior view. Cortex is colored in pink with transparency while medulla that lies beneath it is shown in purple (red colored surface corresponds to cortex wrapping the medulla): the bending of the optic lobe causes the cortex to engulf a larger fraction of the optic lobe. Inlet shows anterior view of optic lobes at 1 dph with minute optic nerve located ventrally (yellow). c, 3D rendering of relative cortex (beige) and medulla (purple) growth over time from 1dph to 70dph. d-e, Plot of measurements made based on microCT scans from individuals aged 1 dph to 80 dph of the thickness of the cortex in µm d, and of the volume of both the cortex and the medulla in mm³. f-g, UMAP projection of integrated f, hatchling and g, adult optic lobe single-cell data. Note that clustering was performed separately (see Figs. 3a and 4a). Coloured cluster labels highlight cell clusters with distinct neurotransmitter usage in adults as opposed to hatchlings. h, Gene expression similarity across clusters of the adult and hatchling optic lobe datasets, using weighted Pearson correlation. Cell cluster colours at the left (adult) and top (hatchling) of the heatmap match the colours used in the UMAP.