Fig. 5: Comparison of the cephalopod visual system gene expression with the vertebrate framework.

a, A heat map displaying AUROC scores or ‘Reciprocal_top_hit’ match types identified as similar cell-type pairs in comparisons between E. berryi adult optic lobe cell populations and cell types of the chicken retina⁶⁵. Inset: the location of cell types in the vertebrate retina. b, A dot plot of the expression of selected vertebrate retinal bipolar cell marker orthologues in the adult E. berryi optic lobe. c,d, Stacked bar plots indicating the fraction of genes originating from gene families at each strata in retinal (c) and adult optic lobe (d) cell populations. e,f, Stacked bar plots indicating the fraction of genes whose last gene duplication dates to each strata in retinal (e) and adult optic lobe (f) cell populations. g,h, Heat maps displaying the significance of enrichment for a given phylostrata as −log₁₀(P value) of the Fisher’s exact test (two-sided) for the enrichment of genes whose last duplication took place in each strata in retina (g) and adult optic lobe (h) cell populations. i, Dot plots indicating the expression levels of cholinergic neurotransmitter genes in the mature adult optic lobes of E. berryi. A box with dotted lines indicates the expression of presynaptic genes involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. RGC, retina ganglion cells; BC, bipolar cells; HC, horizontal cells; PR, photoreceptor cells; RPE, retina pigmented epithelium; MG, Müller glia; AC, amacrine cells. Credits: inset in a reproduced with permission from ref. ¹²⁸, Elsevier; chicken silhouette by Steven Traver reproduced from PhyloPic under a Creative Commons license CC0 1.0.