Fig. 3: Quantification of AGB considering forest edges.

a, Estimated depth of edge influence (in meters) at the grid-cell level, defined as the threshold distance beyond which biomass density stabilizes and no longer exhibits a notable gradient with respect to edge proximity. b, Spatial distribution of AGB loss (in teragrams, Tg) attributable to edge effects at the grid-cell level. AGB loss is calculated as the difference between observed biomass and the counterfactual biomass if edge areas had the same biomass density as nearby forest interiors. c, Total AGB loss due to edge effects, aggregated at global and biome levels (in petagrams, Pg). The numbers in parentheses indicate the percent reduction in observed AGB relative to a counterfactual scenario without edge effects. Error bars represent 95% CIs.