Fig. 3: Arthropod biomass declines are primarily associated with species richness loss, while species richness gains stagnate and the role of species identity declines over time in the Biodiversity Exploratories.

All panels are based on replicate-level (n = 300) median point estimates and predictions from 1,000 linear mixed-effects models drawing from shuffled data subsets, avoiding the reuse of sampling events in multiple pairwise comparisons. a–e, Main plots show temporal biomass change per replicate per plot (restricted moving average) associated with species richness loss (a), species richness gain (b), species identity loss (c), species identity gain (d) and abundance change of persisting species (e; see Fig. 2 for detailed explanations). f, Total biomass change without partitioning. Year 0 represents biomass change within years, between replicates (control). Mean temporal biomass change values per replicate per plot are shown as coloured dots along the land-use intensity (LUI) gradient (legend), white dots show mean values across all plots (n = 150). Solid regression lines indicate significant relationships (P < 0.05), dashed lines indicate non-significant relationships (P ≥ 0.1); exact two-sided P values for the main effect of time are provided in the panels. Shaded areas around the black main effect line represent 95% CI. Significant effects of LUI on arthropod biomass change are shown in the main panels, coloured along a LUI gradient (legend). Insets show median point estimates with 95% CI (error bars) for the effects of time and LUI on biomass change individually and in interaction (×).