Extended Data Fig. 5: Nestedness and turnover of bee communities along gradients of stressor intensity.
From: Pesticides and habitat loss additively reduce wild bees in crop fields
(a) Nestedness along increasing pesticide hazard (hazard quotient HQ) (standardized mean differences = -0.17, 95% CI = -0.32 to -0.03, N = 23, t = -2.51, p = 0.020). (b) Turnover along increasing pesticide hazard (HQ) (standardized mean differences = -0.19, 95% CI = -0.33 to -0.05, N = 23, t = -2.77, p = 0.011). (c) Nestedness along decreasing proportions of semi-natural habitat (SNH) in surrounding landscapes (standardized mean differences = -0.16, 95% CI = -0.27 to -0.04, N = 30, t = -2.75, p = 0.010). (d) Turnover along decreasing proportions of SNH in surrounding landscapes (standardized mean differences = -0.15, 95% CI = -0.26 to -0.03, N = 30, t = -2.62, p = 0.014). Shown are standardised mean differences between the losing and gaining component of nestedness or turnover ± 95% CI per study from a two-sided meta-analysis model. A negative estimate indicates a loss of species along gradients of increasing intensity of stressors and is obtained when the losing component is larger than the gaining component. Point sizes reflect sample sizes per study and their association with the weighting in the model.
