Fig. 3: Changes in the emission of GLVs from leaf discs of host plants following treatment with recombinant Hi proteins.
From: Convergent evolution of hexenal isomerases in Lepidoptera and plants
a–d, Leaf discs (2.4 mm diameter) from the corresponding host plants were mechanically wounded and treated with 10 µl of Milli-Q water (control), recombinant Hi protein (1 µg) or heat inactive recombinant Hi protein (1 µg). Panels represent treatments with different recombinant Hi proteins: MsHi-1 on tomato (a); CvHi-1 on tomato (b); DpHi-1 on milkweed (c); BmHi-1 on white mulberry (d). a′ and b′ show the corresponding alcohol products detected in tomato after MsHi-1 and CvHi-1 treatments; alcohols were not detected in milkweed and white mulberry (c,d). The composition of the Z3/E2 form of aldehydes and alcohols was determined using SPME–GC–qToF-MS. A log-normal ordinary one-way ANOVA test was performed to assess significant differences between treatments: a: η² = 0.98, F2,12 = 240, P < 0.0001; b: η² = 0.93, F2,13 = 87, 26, P < 0.0001; c: η² = 0.65, F2,13 = 12, 19, P = 0.001; d: η² = 0.57, F2,13 = 8,477, P = 0.004. Different letters in the centre of each pie chart indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) by Tukey post hoc test. n = 5–6 biologically independent samples. The corresponding dot plot is shown in supplementary Fig. 4. e, An llustration of a section of GLV biosynthesis pathway. The conversion of Z3AL to E2AL can occur either spontaneously or through the catalytic action of (3Z):(2E)-Hi. Both aldehydes can be further reduced to their corresponding alcohols by cinnamaldehyde and hexenal reductase (CHR). Z3OL, Z-3-hexenol.
