Table 1 How European Union fossil-fuel exit strategies shape its supplier mix

From: Managing the geopolitics of Europe’s fossil-fuel exit

Market-based

Security-based

Cheapest

(Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia)

Most reliable

(Canada, USA)

Emissions-based

Fairness-based

Cleanest

(Norway, Saudi Arabia)

Most vulnerable

(Nigeria, Angola, Iraq)

  1. Country examples are illustrative, not a mapping of the current supply mix, which is dynamic. Note that oil markets are highly fungible, whereas gas markets remain more oligopolistic.
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