As Europe gradually phases out its fossil-fuel imports, some producer economies face rising risks. With careful management, the European Union can turn this shift into an opportunity to advance both climate leadership and geopolitical stability.
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The author thanks I. Dellatolas for research assistance and B. Devlin for comments. All views are those of the author.
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Van de Graaf, T. Managing the geopolitics of Europe’s fossil-fuel exit. Nat Energy (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01957-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01957-9
