Table 1 List of the 35 hypothesized effects of social class derived from the 22 replicated studies
From: Advancing the psychology of social class with large-scale replications in four countries
Study ID | Journal, year and study number | Hypothesized effects | Sample | Quota or random | Main measure | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Power | |||||||
The self (9 hypotheses) | S1/2 (ref. 11) | JPSP, 2009, #1–2 | H1. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) sense of control (×2 effects) | 103/86 | 0.15, 0.53 | No (USA) | Subjective | <0.05 |
S3 (ref. 12) | JPSP, 2018, #1 | H2–4. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) agency/persistence in goal striving/self-esteem/omnibus self-orientation measure | 2,832 | 1.0, 1.0 | ✓ (USA/Japan) | Subjective Education | <0.001 <0.001 | |
S4 (ref. 13) | PLoS ONE, 2019 | H5. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) narcissism | 400 | 0.52, 0.98 | No (China) | Subjective | <0.001 | |
S5/6 (ref. 14) | PSPB, 2014, #1a/b | H6. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) entitlement (×2, one “marginal”) | 195/105 | 0.17, 0.80 | No (USA) | Subjective | 0.021 | |
S7 (ref. 15) | JSP, 2020, #1 | H7. Social class × high/low system justification \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) entitlement | 669 | 0.74, 0.96 | No (China) | Occupation | <0.001 | |
S8a (ref. 16) | PNAS, 2010 | H8. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) interdependent self-construal | 235 | 0.33, 0.87 | ✓ (USA) | Education | NS | |
S9 (ref. 17) | JPSP, 2007, #4b | H9. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) negative reactions to reduced individuation (×3, one NS) | 801 | 0.81, 1.0 | No (USA) | Education | <0.05 | |
Relationships (7) | S8b (ref. 16) | PNAS, 2010 | H10. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) individuals in one’s inner circle | 235 | 0.33, 0.87 | ✓ (USA) | Education | <0.05 |
H11. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) social support received | NS | |||||||
S10 (ref. 18) | JPSP, 2012, #1 | H12. Social class × chaos/stability \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) communal orientation | 76 | 0.14, 0.23 | No (USA) | Income | 0.01 | |
S11 (ref. 18) | JPSP, 2012, #4 | H13. Social class × chaos/stability \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) obsession with money | 134 | 0.21, 0.38 | No (USA) | Subjective | <0.02 | |
S12 (ref. 19) | JESP, 2018, #2 | H14. Education bias (that is, highly educated people rated higher) | 448 | 0.56, 0.99 | No (USA) | Education | <0.001 | |
H15. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) education bias | <0.001 | |||||||
H16. Education bias = ethnic/national bias | NA | |||||||
Cognition (4) | S8c (ref. 16) | PNAS, 2010 | H17. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) thematic/holistic thinking style | 235 | 0.33, 0.87 | ✓ (USA) | Education | 0.08 |
S8d (ref. 16) | PNAS, 2010 | H18. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) anticipation of change | 235 | 0.33, 0.87 | ✓ (USA) | Education | <0.01 | |
S13 (ref. 11) | JPSP, 2009, #3 | H19. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) contextual explanations (×2) | 444 | 0.56, 0.99 | No (USA) | Subjective | <0.05 | |
H20. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) sense of control \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) contextual explanations (×3) | <0.05 | |||||||
Emotion (6) | S14 (ref. 20) | Emotion, 2018 | H21–22. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) other-oriented positive emotions (×2) | 1,519 | 0.97, 1.0 | ✓ (USA) | Income | ≤0.002 |
H23–24. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) self-oriented positive emotions (×2) | ≤0.033 | |||||||
E1 (ref. 21) | Frontiers, 2014, #2 | H25. Social class × sharing × time \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) self-conscious negative emotions | 103 | 0.17, 0.30 | No (USA) | Composite | <0.05 | |
S15 (ref. 11) | JPSP, 2009, #4 | H26. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) influence of contextual emotional information | 125 | 0.20, 0.61 | No (USA) | Subjective | <0.05 | |
Behaviour (3) | E2 (ref. 22) | JPSP, 2015, #2 | H27. Social class × self/other benefits \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) unethical behaviours | 81 | 0.15, 0.25 | No (Europe) | Income | <0.001 |
E3 (ref. 23) | SPPS, 2016, #3 | H28. Social class × private/public context \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) prosocial behaviour | 363 | 0.48, 0.77 | No (USA) | Other | 0.001 | |
S16 (ref. 24) | PNAS, 2012, #5 | H29. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) unethical behaviours | 108 | 0.18, 0.55 | No (USA) | Subjective | <0.02 | |
Decision-making (6) | E4 (ref. 25) | JESP, 2018, #4 | H30. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) preference for delayed reward | 1,293 | 0.95, 1.0 | No (USA) | Other | 0.009 |
H31. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!-}{\rightarrow}\) risk aversion | <0.001 | |||||||
H32. Social class × mortality/control \(\stackrel{\!\!\!{\varnothing}}{\rightarrow}\) delayed reward | NS | |||||||
H33. Social class × mortality/control \(\stackrel{\!\!\!{\varnothing}}{\rightarrow}\) risk aversion | NS | |||||||
E5 (ref. 26) | Science, 2013, #1 | H34. Social class × hard/ easy financial problems \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) performance | 101 | 0.17, 0.30 | No (USA) | Income | 0.03 | |
S17 (ref. 27) | JPSP, 2013, #1 | H35. Social class \(\stackrel{\!\!\!+}{\rightarrow}\) utilitarian moral decision-making | 277 | 0.38, 0.92 | No (USA) | Other | <0.001 | |
