Fig. 3: Secondary outcome comparisons.

Scatter plot indicating, for each PICO combination, the magnitude of the pooled effect sizes (grey: absence of effect (SMD ranging from −0.20 to 0.20, OR/RR ranging from 0.80 to 1.25); green: positive effect; red: negative effect; darker colour indicates larger magnitude), the statistical significance (black stars indicate a two-sided P value <0.05), the confidence GRADE rating (no surrounding circle: ‘very low’; light circle: ‘low’; bold circle: ‘moderate’) and the size of the meta-analysis (greater dot width indicates larger meta-analysis). All pooled effect sizes were estimated using random-effects meta-analysis, with no adjustment for multiple testing.