Extended Data Fig. 4: Antibacterial tryptophan-indole metabolites of L. vaginalis are beyond 3-HAA, ILA, I3CA, and metabolites of serotonin pathway.
a, b Antibacterial abilities of L. vaginalis (included supernatant and sediment) towards S. aureus, S. Typhimurium, and E. coli tested in agar plate (n = 3 L. vaginalis). c PCoA of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrices and Venn plot were generated from the non-targeted metabolomics data of L. vaginalis, weaned piglets, and mice. d Kynurenine and serotonin pathways are showed as microbial pathways in tryptophan pathway27. 3-HAA is the end product of the kynurenine/IDO signalling pathway, and 5HIAA and melatonin are the end products of the serotonin pathway. e Relative abundance of 3-HAA, 5-HTP, 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and melatonin in L. vaginalis, weaned piglets, and mice. 3-HAA and 5-HT were not captured in L. vaginalis metabolites. 5-HTP was not captured in metabolites of weaned piglets. 5-HIAA and melatonin were not detected in metabolites of weaned piglets and L. vaginalis (n = 4 (CON/SM + LV) or 5 (SM/SM + LV+nFeS) mice per group, 5 piglets per group, and 6 L. vaginalis per group). f Common pathway, I3C/I3CA/I2CA, in L. vaginalis, weaned piglets, and mice. g Antibacterial ability of ILA to inhibit growth of S. aureus, S. Typhimurium, and E. coli. h Antibacterial abilities of I3CA alone and I3CA co-treated with nFeS to inhibit growth of S. aureus, S. Typhimurium, and E. coli (n = 3 samples). P values were calculated using a two-sided unpaired t-test for two-group comparisons and ordinary one-way ANOVA followed Benjamini, Krieger & Yekutieli for multiple comparisons. Data were shown as the standard error of the mean. The diameter of the inhibition zone is measured in millimetres (mm). Exact P values are displayed in the figure (P < 0.0001; the exact P value is < 0.0001). Each experiment was repeated independently for three times with similar results. Panel f was created with BioRender.com.
