Fig. 6: Betaine degradation and ammonia oxidation after snowmelt.
From: Multi-omics reveals nitrogen dynamics associated with soil microbial blooms during snowmelt
a, Small-molecule metabolites detected by 1H-NMR (see Extended Data Fig. 9). Filled symbols are indicative of two pathways of betaine degradation. Metabolites were categorized as ‘higher before snowmelt’ (March higher relative to September or May concentration; dark blue circles), ‘highest during snowmelt’ (May higher relative to June or March; light blue circles) or ‘higher after snowmelt’ (June higher relative to May concentration; red circles). Data were combined across soil depths. Unfilled circles (compounds) were not detected in our dataset. Text in italics are genes in the pathway (see Extended Data Fig. 10 for gene expression). Genes are: bmt, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase; dmg1, dimethylglycine oxidase; soxDBAG, sarcosine oxidase; glyA1, serine dehydratase; sdaA, serine deaminase; grdA, betaine reductase; tmd, trimethylamine N-oxidase demethylase; dmmABC, dimethylamine monooxygenase; mauA, qhpA, methylamine dehydrogenase. b, Ammonia and nitrite oxidation (that is, nitrification) were highest after the loss of snowpack in June as was fermentative DNRA (see Extended Data Fig. 8 for gene expression data). Data were combined across soil depths and were quantified from field replicates (March n = 9, May n = 15, June n = 15, Sept n = 6). c, Metabolic reconstructions indicated that winter-adaptive Solirubrobacteraceae [Bin 85] express genes for betaine degradation after snowmelt (see Supplementary Table 7 for full gene expression data). d, Spring-adapted Nitrososphaerales had high gene expression for ammonia oxidation after snowmelt (see Supplementary Table 8). Dashed arrows represent gene expression of processes not observed in our data set. Figure created with BioRender.com (https://BioRender.com/atatcpw, https://BioRender.com/kyvqvy1, https://BioRender.com/vcwfx0z, https://BioRender.com/64u3hsm).
