Extended Data Fig. 8: Influence of early-life environmental factors on the faecal levels of the aromatic lactate 4-OH-PLA in children enrolled in ALADDIN.

Levels of 4-OH-PLA at 2 and 6 months of age in vaginally and caesarean section-delivered children (a), in vaginally delivered children with or without older siblings (b), and in vaginally delivered breastfed children with or without formula supplementation before 2 months of age (c). For box plots, the horizontal line indicates the median; box boundaries indicate the interquartile range; whiskers represent values within 1.5× the interquartile range of the first and third quartiles; points outside whiskers show outliers. Statistics based on two-sided Welch t-test.