Fig. 4: Localized transmission and temporal stability.
a, Spatial distribution of different IBD clusters. Each circle represents samples collected from an individual MP. IBD cluster IDs and corresponding kelch13 alleles are indicated at the bottom left of each panel; for example, 1_R561H indicates IBD cluster number 1 carrying the kelch13 R561H allele. b, Correlogram analysis of pairwise parasite relatedness across space and time. A total of 1,718 samples with available location and collection time were included in the Mantel correlogram analysis. Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals from 500 bootstrap replicates. c, Comparison of relatedness between within-group and between-group HCPC region pairs. The x axis indicates time intervals in months. Relatedness was measured as average IBD among samples within each HCPC group or between pairs of the 29 groups (more than 10 samples per group). Boxes show interquartile ranges, centre lines indicate medians, whiskers extend to 1.5× the interquartile range, and outliers are not shown. P values were calculated using a two-sided Welch’s two-sample t-test; no adjustment for multiple comparisons was applied. d, Temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of the IBD cluster 1 (kelch13 R561H) through the sampling year.
