Fig. 4: Investigation of all-solid-state lithium symmetric cells.

a,b, Voltage profiles of Li/commercial-Li₃N/Li (a) and Li/vacancy-rich β-Li₃N/Li (b) symmetric all-solid-state cells with a current density of 0.1 mA cm⁻² and a fixed capacity of 0.1 mAh cm⁻². c, Voltage profiles of the Li/vacancy-rich β-Li₃N/Li symmetric all-solid-state cell with incremental current densities and capacities (lithium plating/stripping for fixed 1 h) followed by a fixed current density of 1 mA cm⁻² and a fixed capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻². Given the paramount importance of critical current densities and capacity in achieving elevated energy and power densities, the symmetric cell underwent assessment with progressively increasing current densities, all the while preserving a constant stripping/plating duration of 1 h. d, Comparison of the critical current densities and capacity for lithium symmetric cells of this work and other reports using sulfide-, oxide- and nitride-based SSEs: Li-Li₆PS₅Cl_0.3F_0.7-Li⁴³, Li/G-Li₆PS₅Cl-LGPS-Li₆PS₅Cl-G/Li², Li-Li₃PS₄-Li₃N/LiF-Li₃PS₄-Li³³, Li-Li₃N/LiF-Li³³, Li-Li₆PS₅Cl-Li¹², Li-LiF/Li₃N/Bi-Li₆PS₅Cl-LiF/Li₃N/Bi-Li¹⁸, Li-Mg₁₆Bi₈₄-Li₆PS₅Cl-Mg₁₆Bi₈₄-Li¹⁹, Li-Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂-Li⁴⁴, Li-Sb-Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂-Sb-Li⁴⁵. e,f, Voltage profiles of the Li-vacancy-rich β-Li₃N-Li symmetric all-solid-state cell with a current density of 3 mA cm⁻² and a fixed capacity of 3 mAh cm⁻² (e) and a current density of 7.5 mA cm⁻² with a fixed capacity of 7.5 mAh cm⁻² (f). Data presented in this figure were obtained using all-solid-state pellet-type cells.

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