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Efficient white light-emitting diodes based on all-perovskite triple-junction tandems

Nature Photonics (2026)Cite this article

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Abstract

Triple-junction tandem light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with simultaneous red, green and blue emission are ideal back-lights for next-generation ultrahigh-definition displays. Although metal halide provost’s are promising candidates for such devices, the solution processing of multilayer stacks remains a fundamental challenge, leading to pronounced efficiency losses in all-perovskite tandem LEDs. Here we present a manufacturing-compatible transfer-printing approach for monolithic integration. We first identify that performance degradation during conventional transfer printing stems from strong interfacial adhesion. To overcome this, we engineer a damage-free transfer process using a temperature-triggered ‘solid–liquid’-switchable interface. This interface, formed via methylamine-assisted transient liquefaction, minimises interfacial stress and facilitates surface regression. We also design an interconnecting layer stack that incorporates interfacial dipoles and tunnelling injection, reducing the global voltage loss to only ~0.5 V compared with all single-junction counterparts. We demonstrate a triple-junction all-perovskite white LED with an ultrawide colour gamut covering 143% of the NTSC standard, a maximum luminance exceeding 67,000 cd m−2 and a certified external quantum efficiency of 16.4%. A proof-of-concept 2.0 × 2.0 cm2 display prototype on both rigid and flexible substrates further underscores the scalability of our strategy for perovskite displays.

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Fig. 1: Optical and electrical performance degradation of conventional transfer-printed films.
Fig. 2: Schematics and characterization of the solid–liquid-switchable interface.
Fig. 3: Switchable-interface-assisted transfer printing of perovskite films.
Fig. 4: Charge generation and transport analysis of different ICL stacks.
Fig. 5: Device performance of the tandem PeLEDs.

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All data are available in the Article or the Supplementary Information. Source data are provided with this paper. Other data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.

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Acknowledgements

M.Y. acknowledges grants from the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (T2225024) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U24A20316 and 62261160389). Y.J. acknowledges grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22475107), the Advanced Materials—National Science and Technology Major Project (2025ZD0616200) and the HE Research Fellowships from the HE Science Foundation. C.S. acknowledges a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52503363). S.M.H.Q. acknowledges a grant from the Ongoing Research Funding Program (ORF-2025-762), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. K.Z. acknowledges a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22505121). We thank the staff of the BL17B beamline at the National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai (NFPS; https://cstr.cn/31129.02.NFPS), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for their technical support in the GIWAXS data collection and analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

    Cong Geng, Keyu Wei, Kai Zhang, Xue Han, Zijin Ding, Saisai Li, Yuanzhi Jiang & Mingjian Yuan

  2. Hebei Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, China

    Changjiu Sun, Zheng Yang, Tingwei He & Shaopeng Yang

  3. Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Saif M. H. Qaid

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Contributions

M.Y. and Y.J. conceived the idea and guided the project. C.S. and C.G. carried out the fabrication and characterization of the tandem LED devices. K.W., K.Z., X.H., Z.D., S.L., T.H., Z.Y. and S.Y. helped to collect data. C.S. and S.M.H.Q. performed the density functional theory calculations and the device simulations. M.Y., Y.J., C.S. and C.G. co-wrote the paper. All authors contributed to the discussion and commented on the paper.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Changjiu Sun, Yuanzhi Jiang or Mingjian Yuan.

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Competing interests

M.Y., Y.J., C.S. and K.W. have filed a provisional patent for this work to the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) (Application No. CN202311808728.2). The other authors declare no competing interests.

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Nature Photonics thanks Daqin Chen, Zhengguo Xiao and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Geng, C., Sun, C., Wei, K. et al. Efficient white light-emitting diodes based on all-perovskite triple-junction tandems. Nat. Photon. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-026-01870-x

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