Correction to: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-025-00918-0, published online 2 January 2026.

In the version of the article initially published, in Fig. 2, the labels where the red line (“Learning from limited samples”) meets the orange line (“Temporal and perturbation modelling”) were originally “FTQD” for the yellow dot and “Variational” for the blue dot and have now been amended to “(Q)MCMC” for the blue dot and “(Q)GNN” for the yellow dot. This correction has been made to the HTML and PDF versions of the article.