Extended Data Fig. 3: A 16-hour exposure to TNF induces vWF release by the endothelium, facilitating platelet aggregation in the thromboinflammation-on-a-chip model.

a, A representative confocal microscopy image shows vWF strings attached to the endothelial surface at the bifurcation area after a 16-hour exposure to 10 ng ml⁻¹ TNF. b, A representative confocal microscopy image shows a vWF string exceeding 100 μm in length after a 16-hour exposure to 10 ng ml⁻¹ TNF. c, Representative confocal microscopy images of the bifurcation, and d, Representative confocal microscopy images of the channels downstream the bifurcation show that P-selectin positive, activated platelets are located at the core of the aggregated platelets, with only a small number of platelets being phosphatidylserine (PS)-positive after healthy whole blood is perfused over the inflamed endothelium (16-hour exposure to 10 ng ml⁻¹ TNF). e, Representative confocal microscopy images show that the addition of Cablivi to whole blood inhibits platelet aggregation in the inflamed microvasculature (16-hour exposure to 10 ng ml⁻¹ TNF).