Extended Data Fig. 4: Characterization of apoptotic cells in the thromboinflammation-on-a-chip model.

a, Timeline for studying cell apoptosis during thromboinflammation formation and resolution under the medium-dose (1 ng ml⁻¹) TNF condition. b, Representative 3D confocal microscopy Z-stack images showing cell apoptosis over time under the medium-dose (1 ng ml⁻¹) TNF condition. c-h, Confocal images of the boxes in b at higher magnification show apoptotic phosphatidylserine (PS) fluorescence signals (red) colocalize with neutrophils (green) and platelets (blue), indicating that the recruited neutrophils and platelets, but not endothelial cells, undergo apoptosis during microvascular thromboinflammation under the medium-dose (1 ng ml⁻¹) TNF condition. i, Timeline for studying cell apoptosis during thromboinflammation formation and resolution under the high-dose (10 ng ml⁻¹) TNF condition. j, Representative confocal microscopy images showing cell apoptosis after thromboinflammation formation. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is positively stained in some of the recruited neutrophils and aggregated platelets under the high-dose (10 ng ml⁻¹) TNF condition. k, Representative confocal microscopy images on Day 7 post-thromboinflammation show that endothelial cells become apoptotic under the high-dose (10 ng ml⁻¹) TNF condition. [Scale bar = 20 μm (b-h,j-k)].