Extended Data Fig. 2: Simulation analysis of the voltage distribution at the tissue-device interface and the electrophoretic acceleration of charged payloads.

a, Schematic diagram of cell electroporation mediated by the delivery module of NanoFLUID. The nanopore enables the electric field to be precisely focused onto a pinpoint of the plasma membrane, forcing the local bilayer lipids to undergo transient rearrangement, resulting in perforation of the plasma membrane, which establishes the pathway for intracellular delivery of cargo. b, Thermal simulation shows the temperature of the cell near the nanopore increases slightly, which is safe for cell electro-transfection. c, Diagram of the voltage distribution between the nanopore and a single cell. The top inset shows the transmembrane potential exerted locally through the nanopore. The bottom inset shows the transmembrane potential across the bilayer. d, Simulation data for transmembrane potential along the plasma membrane of a single cell. The maximum transmembrane potential only occurs at the top pole of the cell, regardless of the transfection voltage, confirming the ability of the delivery module to confine membrane disruption on a nano-scale. e, Diagram of the voltage distribution between the nanopores and a three-cell array. f, Simulation data for transmembrane potential along the plasma membrane of each cell in a three-cell array. The maximum transmembrane potential only occurs at the region in close proximity to the nanopore, regardless of cell position within the array. g, Comparison of electrophoretic acceleration of charged particles mediated by the nanopore (NanoFLUID) and conventional electroporation (electrotransfector) under the same transmembrane potential.

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