Extended Data Fig. 1: Regions in which CMV and ERA5-MS wind trends substantially differ.

The mean and trend values of wind speed and their zonal (U, positive eastward) and meridional (V, positive northward) components for CMV (a,c,e) and ERA5_MS (b,d,f) during 2000–2020, shown only for grid cells in which trends derived from CMV differ markedly from ERA5-MS trends at greater than 95% confidence level assessed using a standard Z-test. The black contour lines represent the mean values in m s⁻¹ averaged over the 21-year MISR record. The trends in m s⁻¹ decade⁻¹ are coloured and use a different colour scale for each variable. The trends are calculated with deseasonalized monthly CMV anomalies that have passed the tightened FDR correction at the 5% level. The grey lines represent the mean tropopause heights averaged between 2000 and 2020. See Methods for details. Data: MISR CMV (version F02_0002)¹⁰ and ERA5 reanalysis data¹².