Extended Data Fig. 6: Boreal spring (March, April, Mau) wind climatology and decadal trends.

The mean and trend values of wind speed and their zonal (U, positive eastward) and meridional (V, positive northward) components for CMV (a,d,g), ERA5_MS (b,e,h) and ERA5_AW (c,f,i) for March, April and May only over the 2000–2020 period. The black contour lines represent the mean values in m s⁻¹ averaged over the 21-year MISR record. The trends in m s⁻¹ decade⁻¹ are coloured and use a different colour scale for each variable. The trends are calculated with deseasonalized monthly CMV anomalies that have passed the tightened FDR correction at the 5% level. The grey lines represent the mean tropopause heights averaged between 2000 and 2020. See Methods for details. Data: MISR CMV (version F02_0002)¹⁰ and ERA5 reanalysis data¹².