Extended Data Fig. 3: Demographic history of wild barley populations.

(a) Distributions of pairwise sequence divergence (SNPs Mb) in pericentromeric regions (centromere +/− 25 Mb). The distributions were computed from comparisons between all possible combinations between members of the respective populations. Cyan shading marks the most recent peaks in the distributions interpreted as the most recent divergence from common ancestors. Dashed lines mark earlier such events. (b) Historic trajectories of effective population sizes computed with PSMC considering all wild barley as a population. The top-left panel shows the density distribution of pairwise Identity-By-State (IBS) values among all wild barley samples. We divided the IBS values into three bins. The remaining three panels display the PSMC results based on 100 randomly selected sample pairs from each bin, used to construct pseudo-diploid genomes. The y-axis represents the effective population size (Ne), and the x-axis represents time. Gray lines in panels (a) and (b) show the global average surface temperatures³⁹.