Fig. 5: Rapid modulation of gamma events with changes in task context.

a, Schematics of trial types for the spontaneous (S) reward paradigm and T1. Mice were first trained to obtain the reward freely for 15 days (S_Pre), then switched to T1, where rewards could only be collected during visual stimuli, for 10 days. Finally, mice were switched back to free rewards (S_Post) for 15 days. Laminar V1 recordings were obtained throughout with chronically implanted electrodes. b, From top to bottom: normalized gamma event rate within 300 ms after unrewarded (brown) and rewarded (orange) licks, the proportion of rewarded trials (green), the number of licks (blue), the proportion of time spent running (black) and the pupil diameter (black) for each training day (n = 5 mice). c, Gamma event rate on each unrewarded (brown) and rewarded (orange) trial on day 15 of S_Pre and day 1 of T1 in an example mouse. d, Normalized gamma event rate within 300 ms after unrewarded (left) and rewarded (right) responses during S_Pre, T1 and S_Post paradigms (n = 5 mice). e, Total number of licks (left), fraction of time spent running (centre) and average normalized pupil diameter (right) over S_Pre, T1 and S_Post paradigms (n = 5 mice). f, Normalized gamma event rate around unrewarded licks (blue) during S_Pre, T1 and S_Post paradigms (n = 5 mice). g, Normalized gamma event rate around rewarded licks (blue) or stimulus onset (black) during S_Pre, T1 and S_Post paradigms (n = 5 mice). Visually cued responses elicit a stronger increase in the gamma event rate than in the visual stimulation alone. The error bars denote s.e.m; and the shaded areas indicate mean ± s.e.m. For significance, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. See Supplementary Table 1 for detailed statistics and Supplementary Table 2 for statistical samples.