Extended Data Fig. 3: Tweezer spacing details.

Calculation of an out-of-plane intensity profile from a section of a 122 × 122-site tweezer array at 1,061 nm, whose phase pattern is generated by a WGS algorithm. The tweezer axis (x-axis in the plots) is centred along a selected row in the array and the out-of-plane axis (y-axis in the plots) is perpendicular to the focal plane of the tweezers, along the direction of light propagation. The focal plane for the tweezers is at 0 μm and we simulate for different spacing between the tweezers: 7.2 μm (a), 5.0 μm (b). c, We also show the case for which 5.0-μm spacing is achieved by alternating traps generated with two different lasers such that they do not interfere by using, for example, orthogonal polarization or sufficiently different wavelengths. We could imagine using such an interleaved configuration to achieve tighter tweezer spacing without being limited by out-of-plane interference, to increase the number of atoms within the field of view. d, The out-of-plane interference for the case of alternating spacing between tweezers of 9.6 μm and 4.8 μm, as used in Extended Data Fig. 10e,f. The colour scale for each case is normalized by the highest intensity in the simulated slice.