Extended Data Fig. 8: ISPP characteristics of 100 devices incorporating a 5-nm-thick SiO₂ for V_th distribution evaluation.

The incremental step for the ISPP operation is 0.1 V. The delay between PGM and verify operation was 100 μs. The read-after-write-delay characteristics of our device (Extended Data Fig. 2d) confirm that data stability remains unaffected irrespective of the duration between PGM and verify operation. The ERS state is defined as V_th after an ERS operation, corresponding to the topmost V_th distribution marked with a red dotted line. A total of 31 verification voltages are defined at equally spaced intervals. The subsequent 31 states are determined by their respective verification voltages, where the V_th state that first exceeds the n^th verification voltage is designated as the n^th state.