Fig. 4: Influence of management on spillovers.
From: Protected area management has significant spillover effects on vegetation
Box plots of effect size according to IUCN protected area category (a) and Australian management type (b), showing median and s.d. of positive spillover effect sizes (Contrast 2: spillover zone versus independent zone) by management type for 3,510 protected areas (blue dots), both with two outliers excluded. Australian protected area types are shaded by IUCN category. In box plots, central horizontal lines are medians; edges delineate 25th and 75th percentiles; and whiskers extend to smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile range of the relevant percentile. Brackets above bars in a indicate pairs that exhibit a significant difference based on ANOVA and Tukey’s honest significant difference test; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. III versus IV: P = 0.023; III versus V: P = 0.014; I1 versus V: P = 1.61 × 10−4; Ia versus VI: P = 3.64 × 10−6; Ia versus IV: P = 1.05 × 10−6; II versus III: P = 2.06 × 10−7; Ia versus II: P = 1.20 × 10−9. Sub-categories for CAPAD: ACCP, Conservation Covenant; CA, Conservation Area; CCA, Coordinated Conservation Area; CAZ1, CA Zone 1 National Park; CAZ3, CA Zone 3 State Conservation Area; COR, Coastal Reserve; CP, Conservation Park; CR, Conservation Reserve; FLR, Flora Reserve; FR, Forest Reserve; GR, Game Reserve; HA, Heritage Agreement; HIR, Historical Reserve; HR, Heritage Reserve; IPA, Indigenous Protected Area; KCR, Karst Conservation Reserve; MA, Management Area; NAP, Nature Park; NCA, Natural Catchment Area; NCR, Nature Conservation Reserve; NFR, Natural Features Reserve; NP, National Park; NPA, National Park Aboriginal; NPC, National Park (Commonwealth); NR, Nature Reserve; NRA, Nature Recreation Area; NREF, Nature Refuge; NRS, Addition - Gazettal in Progress; NS, National Park (Scientific); OCA, Other Conservation Area; PNR, Private Nature Reserve; PS, Private Sanctuary; RA, Reference Area; RCP, Recreation Park; REP, Regional Park; RNA, Remote and Natural Area; RR, Regional Reserve; RSR, Resource Reserve; S5G, 5(1)(g) Reserve; S5H, 5(1)(h) Reserve; SCA, State Conservation Area; SP, State Park; WP, Wilderness Park; WPA, Wilderness Protection Area. Unrepresented protected area types did not show measurable non-zero spillover effects.
