Fig. 2: Effect of IL-2–TGFβ co-agonists on antigen-specific pT_reg cell induction and phenotype in OVA-immunized mice.

a, Schematic illustration of OVA and protein administration. Created in BioRender; Sun, Q. https://BioRender.com/xfy9d60 (2026). IP, intraperitoneal; IV, intravenous. b–d, Representative flow cytometry plots (b) and quantification of FOXP3⁺ and RORγt⁺FOXP3⁺ OT-II cell frequencies (c) and absolute cell numbers (d) in the indicated lymphoid organs (mLN, n = 16 samples; ILN, n = 20 samples; spleen (SPL), n = 6 samples). e, Representative flow cytometry plots and quantification of FOXP3⁺ and RORγt⁺FOXP3⁺ OT-II cell frequencies in the indicated lymphoid organs (n = 4 mice per group). f, Histogram showing the distribution of distinct subsets (a–h; colour code used in the rest of the figure) among donor OT-II cells in the lymph nodes. g, Quantification of IFNγ⁺ and IL-17A⁺ OT-II cell frequencies in the lymph nodes (n = 16 samples per group). h, Representative flow cytometry plots and quantification of CD103⁺FOXP3⁺ and IL-10⁺FOXP3⁺ OT-II cell frequencies in the lymph nodes (n = 16 samples per group). i, Representative flow cytometry plots showing expression of the indicated molecules in the indicated CD4⁺ T cell subsets from lymph nodes. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Data in b–d,f are pooled from two independent experiments. Data in e,g–i are representative of two independent experiments. Statistics were obtained by one-way ANOVA coupled with Dunnett’s multiple-comparisons test (c,d,g,h) or unpaired Welch’s t-test (two-tailed) (e). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; NS, not significant (P ≥ 0.05).

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