Fig. 3: Clinical evidence for a systemic involvement of abnormal sleep duration patterns compared with normal sleep duration.
From: Sleep chart of biological ageing clocks in middle and late life
a, Using normal sleep duration, 6–8 h as the reference, we treated sleep duration patterns as categorical variables (4–6 h for short sleep; 8–10 h for long sleep) to estimate their association with 726 comorbidity-free DEs defined by ICD-10 codes (limited to diseases with more than 50 cases). After applying Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (two-sided P < 0.05/726), we highlight the significant associations and annotate representative systemic diseases across various organ systems. IHD, ischaemic heart disease. b, Short and long sleep duration are associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality. An interactive webpage is available (https://labs-laboratory.com/sleepchart/sleep_cox.html) to facilitate visualization. The error bars represent the 95% CIs of the hazard ratio (HR) estimate, which is represented by a central shape. The diagrams in a were created using images from the Noun Project and NIAID Visual & Medical Arts.
