Extended Data Fig. 2: Dynamics of cell-cell communication networks in cattle.

(a) Chordal diagram of the integrated cell lineage–cell lineage interaction network. (b) Scatter plot shows the interaction intensity and number of cellular interactomes among major cell lineages, clustered by the number of interactions. (c) Scatter plot shows 19 highly reliable secreted ligand-receptor pairs (probability > 0.2, p-value < 0.05, permutation test) between cell types in different tissues. Colors represent the probability of cellular communication. Red boxes represent tissue-specific ligand-receptor pairs. (d) Comparative analysis of cellular communication strength between cell types in the cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum of males and females. To ensure unbiased comparison, we retained cell types with more than 50 cells in both sexes for each tissue and downsampled to ensure equal numbers of males and females for each cell type. The red line indicates increased communication in females, while the blue line indicates increased communication in males. (e) Scatter plot shows 6 highly reliable ligand-receptor pairs (probability > 0.2 and p-value < 0.05 after permutation test in males or females) involving excitatory neurons as receptors or ligands in the nervous system.