Extended Data Fig. 1: Single-nuclear RNA sequencing of lung tissue samples from LTRC study participants with and without COPD.

a, UMAP showing 1,516,727 nuclei across 31 lung cell types. b, Heatmap displaying normalized expression levels of key markers across various cell types. Rows represent specific genes, while columns are hierarchically clustered by cell type and sample. Gene expression values are unit normalized (0–1) across rows. ABC = aberrant basaloid cell; AT1 = alveolar type 1 pneumocyte; AT2 = alveolar type 2 pneumocyte; gCap = general capillary cell; DC = dendritic cell; NK = natural killer cell; ccMyeloid = myeloid cells in cell cycle.