Supplementary Figure 6: Nasal cell responses to in vitro stimulation with pneumococcus.

Whole nasal cells were collected 29 d after S. pneumoniae inoculation and stimulated for 18 h with heat-killed pneumococcus (n = 48). Supernatant was collected and the concentrations of 30 cytokines were measured by Luminex. Four cytokines were not measured above the limit of detection (IL-2, IL-4, MIG and eotaxin), and these were excluded from analysis. (a), Responses for all measured cytokines for the four groups are shown. (b), Production in carriage^– volunteers subdivided into those who had very low carriage loads, detectable only by molecular methods (lytA⁺, n = 9), or not at all (carriage^–, n = 5). The dotted line indicates a twofold increase over the unstimulated control. The median and interquartile range of FC to unstimulated are shown An asterisk indicates significantly induced cytokines (shown in red) (FC > 2, q < 0.05, two-tailed paired Wilcoxon test followed by Benjamini–Hochberg correction).