Extended Data Fig. 1: Formation of corneal and conjunctival epithelia using 3D cell patterning technique.

The concentric pattern of the ocular surface epithelia was replicated by plating human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells on the surface of the scaffold following the formation of keratocyte-laden stroma. a, A 3D cell patterning technique is enabled by precisely controlled spreading of a cell suspension solution on the dome-shaped scaffold depending on the distance between a concave well and the convex surface of the scaffold. b, At a large distance (D), a cell-suspension solution sandwiched between the concave well and the convex scaffold forms a liquid bridge that wets the center of the scaffold and its vicinity. The meniscus of the solution is marked with a dotted line in the figure. c, When the well is brought in closer proximity to the scaffold (d « D), the liquid bridge spreads outward in the radial direction to increase the wetting area. d, A cell suspension containing corneal cells (green) is dispensed at the bottom of the concave well, which is subsequently inverted and positioned over the dome scaffold to bring the solution in contact with the convex surface of the scaffold. Once contact is established, the device assembly is kept in a humidified cell culture incubator to allow the seeded corneal epithelial cells to adhere to the surface of the scaffold. e, After cell attachment, the same procedure is performed using a solution containing conjunctival epithelial cells (red). In this process, the distance between the concave well and the scaffold is reduced to spread a suspension over the entire scaffold surface and to deposit the conjunctival cells on the peripheral region of the scaffold.