Extended Data Fig. 10: Neither butyrate nor PPARg activation protect against neonatal dysbiosis.

(a) (b) Gent pups received PBS or tributyrin i.g. for 3 days following infection with 107 CFU . Abdominal bioluminescence was measured daily. Pooled from 2 independent experiments using within-litter controls (a): Gent (n = 7); Tributyrin (n = 8). Representative of 2 independent experiments using within-litter controls (b); n = 4 mice per group. (c,d) Gene expression of Pparg and Angptl4 in colon of uninfected P7 gent pups receiving 3 days treatment with PBS or tributyrin. (c) Gent pups received PBS or PPARg agonist rosiglitazone i.g. for 3 days following infection with 107 CFU Kp-39lux. Abdominal bioluminescence was measured daily. Pooled from 2 independent experiments using within-litter controls: Gent (n = 6), Rosiglitazone (n = 7). (d) Gene expression of Pparg and Angptl4 in colon of uninfected P7 gent pups receiving 3 days treatment with PBS or rosiglitazone. Box and whisker plots show median and IQR with lines extending as the 1st and 4th quartile. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments using controls; n = 3 mice per group. (e) Representative images of hypoxyprobe assay measuring ratio of PMDZ adducts (red) to DAPI (blue) from randomly selected sections of mid-distal colon in P7 littermates reared with gentamicin and given 50 µl PBS (Gent), fecal microbiome transplant (FMT), L. rhamnosus GG (LGG), L. johnsonii G2A, or L. murinus V10 i.g on P5 and P6. Average intensity of all high-powered fields (top) and average intensity per mouse (bottom) are displayed. Violin plots show median (solid line) and quartiles (dashed line) of all measurements. Pooled from 2 independent experiments: Gent (n = 7); FMT (n = 8); LGG (n = 7); L. johnsonii (n = 8); L. murinus (n = 6). Number of pups of either sex, n.