Fig. 3: Strategies for immunotherapy.

Strategies that will enhance immune-mediated clearance of latently infected cells include early initiation of ART and the administration of combined interventions at the time of suppressive ART (colored arrows) or during the treatment interruption phase, which will allow for increased antigen presentation. Given that there is no biomarker that can predict viral rebound, analytical treatment interruptions are used to determine whether the intervention has had a clinically meaningful impact. The overarching goal is to either delay viral rebound by at least months or years or reduce the set point of virus replication (that is, the stable level of viral load that the body settles at), preferably to a level of <200 copies/ml. The dashed colored lines represent different potential favorable outcomes from a cure intervention. bNAbs, broadly neutralizing antibodies; LRA, latency reversing agent; TLR, Toll-like receptor.