Fig. 2: AI-based prediction of molecular alterations by local, merged and swarm models.

a, Classification performance (AUROC) for prediction of BRAF mutational status at the patient level in the QUASAR dataset. Total cohort sizes (number of patients, for BRAF mutational status) in the training set are 642 for Epi700, 2,075 for DACHS and 500 for TCGA. Total cohort size (number of patients, for BRAF mutational status) in the test set is 1,477 for QUASAR. b, AUROC for prediction of MSI status in QUASAR. Total cohort sizes (number of patients, for MSI/dMMR) in the training sets are 594 for Epi700, 2,039 for DACHS and 426 for TCGA. Total cohort size (number of patients, for MSI/dMMR status) in the test set is 1,774 for QUASAR. c, AUROC for prediction of MSI status in the YCR BCIP dataset. Total cohort sizes (number of patients, for MSI/dMMR status) in the training sets are identical to those in b. Total cohort size (number of patients, for MSI/dMMR status) in the test set is 805 for YCR BCIP. In a–c, the boxes show the median values and quartiles, the whiskers show the rest of the distribution (except for points identified as outliers), and all original data points are shown. d, Model examination through slide heatmaps of tile-level predictions for representative cases in the QUASAR cohort. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant (P > 0.05). Exact P values are available in Supplementary Table 1 (for a), Supplementary Table 2 (for b) and Supplementary Table 3 (for c). All statistical comparisons were made using two-sided t-tests without correction for multiple testing.