Table 1 Examples of traditional and modern approaches to pathogen surveillance
From: How better pandemic and epidemic intelligence will prepare the world for future threats
Approach | Surveillance technique |
|---|---|
Traditional | Human patients who present at healthcare services |
Hospitalized patients | |
Laboratory diagnoses | |
Pathogen genome sequencing | |
Mortality estimation | |
On-the-ground investigations, including active case finding and contact tracing | |
Modern | Detection of signals of public health events from unstructured textual online information, including social media channels |
Data from sectors not routinely included in public health surveillance, such as animal health, occupational health and police reports | |
Community reporting of cases, deaths or events among humans or animals | |
Geospatial, remote-sensing and mobile-phone mobility data | |
Crowdsourcing open-source case-based data | |
Wearables and the Internet of Things |
