Table 1 Summary of the qualified datasets used in this study
From: Early detection of visual impairment in young children using a smartphone-based deep learning system
Dataset A (n = 2,344 children, 2,344 videos) | Dataset B (n = 187 children, 374 videos) | Dataset C (n = 361 children, 361 videos) | Dataset D (n = 298 children, 298 videos) | Dataset E (n = 32 children, 32 videos) | Dataset F (n = 88 children, 88 videos) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sources | ZOC clinic | ZOC clinic | ZOC clinic | Clinics of multiple hospitals | At-home environment | At-home environment |
Usage of dataset | Model development and reliability analyses | Retest analysis | Across-smartphone analysis | External validation | Model fine-tuning | At-home validation |
Images, n | 15,751,680 | 2,513,280 | 2,425,920 | 2,002,560 | 215,040 | 591,360 |
Visual conditions, n (%) | ||||||
Nonimpairment | 871 (37.2%) | 102 (54.5%) | 87 (24.1%) | 188 (63.1%) | 10 (31.3%) | 31 (35.2%) |
Mild impairment | 861 (36.7%) | 52 (27.8%) | 169 (46.8%) | 67 (22.5%) | 14 (43.8%) | 31 (35.2%) |
Severe impairment | 612 (26.1%) | 33 (17.6%) | 105 (29.1%) | 43 (14.4%) | 8 (25.0%) | 26 (29.5%) |
Age of months (mean ± s.d.) | 25.2 ± 11.7 | 28.7 ± 10.9 | 25.7 ± 10.8 | 28.0 ± 13.0 | 29.5 ± 10.1 | 30.0 ± 10.9 |
Sex, n (%) | ||||||
Boys | 1,265 (54.0%) | 107 (57.2%) | 202 (56.0%) | 169 (56.7%) | 16 (50.0%) | 50 (56.8%) |
Girls | 1,079 (46.0%) | 80 (42.8%) | 159 (44.0%) | 129 (43.3%) | 16 (50.0%) | 38 (43.2%) |
Room illumination (mean ± s.d.) | 289.5 ± 130.1 | 280.5 ± 122.5* | 334.0 ± 117.5 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Testing distance, n (%) | ||||||
Short | 195 (8.3%) | 45 (12.0)* | 34 (9.4%) | 61 (20.5%) | 6 (18.8%) | 19 (21.6%) |
Medium | 1,738 (74.2%) | 291 (77.8%)* | 279 (77.3%) | 125 (42.0%) | 9 (28.1%) | 51 (58.0%) |
Long | 411 (17.5%) | 38 (10.2%)* | 48 (13.3%) | 112 (37.6%) | 17 (53.1%) | 18 (20.5%) |
Laterality of the eye disorder, n (%) | ||||||
Bilateral | 995 (67.6%) | 49 (57.7%) | 209 (76.3%) | 77 (70.0%) | 8 (36.4%) | 29 (50.9%) |
Unilateral | 478 (32.5%) | 36 (42.4%) | 65 (23.7%) | 33 (30.0%) | 14 (63.6%) | 28 (49.1%) |
Smartphones used | iPhone-7/iPhone-8 | iPhone-7/iPhone-8 | Huawei Honor-6 Plus/Redmi Note-7 | iPhone-7/iPhone-8 | Parents’ own smartphones (no restriction) | |
