Table 3 Determinants of early, late and nonvaccination status among older adults

From: Determinants of COVID-19 vaccination status and hesitancy among older adults in China

Multinomial logit regressiona

(1) Phase 1 vaccination (Jan 2021–Jul/Aug 2021) versus nonvaccination

(2) Phase 2 vaccination (Jul/Aug 2021–Jul/Aug 2022) versus nonvaccination

(3) Phase 2 versus phase 1 vaccination

n = 9,890

n = 9,890

n = 9,890

 

RRR (95% CI)

P

RRR (95% CI)

P

RRR (95% CI)

P

Female

0.80 (0.67–0.95)

0.010

0.82 (0.68–0.99)

0.035

1.03 (0.93–1.13)

0.605

Married

1.65 (1.35–2.01)

0.000

1.38 (1.12–1.71)

0.003

0.84 (0.72–0.97)

0.020

Minority ethnicity

0.58 (0.40–0.84)

0.004

1.38 (0.97–1.96)

0.075

2.39 (1.92–2.97)

0.000

Urban residence

0.59 (0.47–0.73)

0.000

0.41 (0.32–0.52)

0.000

0.70 (0.59–0.84)

0.000

Age group (reference: 52–59)

 60–69

0.93 (0.73–1.18)

0.530

2.03 (1.54–2.69)

0.000

2.20 (1.85–2.61)

0.000

 70–79

0.66 (0.51–0.85)

0.001

2.21 (1.66–2.95)

0.000

3.35 (2.78–4.03)

0.000

 80+

0.19 (0.14–0.26)

0.000

1.63 (1.18–2.25)

0.003

8.44 (6.65–10.72)

0.000

Education (reference: illiterate)

 Primary school (literate)

1.00 (0.82–1.23)

0.969

0.99 (0.80–1.22)

0.900

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

0.792

 Middle, high school and higher

1.12 (0.87–1.44)

0.388

0.87 (0.66–1.14)

0.311

0.78 (0.66–0.92)

0.003

Region (reference: East)

 Central

0.88 (0.71–1.09)

0.231

0.97 (0.77–1.22)

0.802

1.11 (0.95–1.29)

0.207

 West

1.38 (1.10–1.74)

0.006

1.59 (1.25–2.02)

0.000

1.15 (0.99–1.35)

0.070

 Northeast

1.06 (0.75–1.49)

0.742

2.03 (1.41–2.92)

0.000

1.91 (1.51–2.43)

0.000

Functionally dependent

0.20 (0.17–0.24)

0.000

0.48 (0.40–0.59)

0.000

2.41 (2.08–2.79)

0.000

Chronic conditions

 Hypertension

0.78 (0.66–0.92)

0.004

1.01 (0.85–1.21)

0.874

1.30 (1.16–1.45)

0.000

 Heart disease

0.57 (0.47–0.70)

0.000

0.65 (0.53–0.80)

0.000

1.14 (0.99–1.31)

0.064

 Stroke

0.59 (0.45–0.77)

0.000

0.91 (0.69–1.19)

0.475

1.53 (1.25–1.87)

0.000

 Diabetes

0.74 (0.59–0.92)

0.008

0.90 (0.71–1.13)

0.372

1.21 (1.04–1.42)

0.014

 Lung disease

0.73 (0.58–0.92)

0.007

0.73 (0.58–0.93)

0.012

1.00 (0.85–1.18)

0.982

 Cancer

0.20 (0.14–0.28)

0.000

0.44 (0.31–0.63)

0.000

2.20 (1.60–3.03)

0.000

 Dyslipidemia

1.25 (1.02–1.52)

0.029

1.12 (0.90–1.38)

0.316

0.89 (0.78–1.03)

0.111

 Liver disease

0.91 (0.65–1.28)

0.585

0.93 (0.65–1.33)

0.681

1.02 (0.81–1.28)

0.867

 Kidney disease

0.72 (0.55–0.94)

0.018

0.71 (0.53–0.95)

0.021

0.99 (0.81–1.20)

0.910

 Asthma

0.90 (0.65–1.24)

0.513

1.00 (0.72–1.39)

0.997

1.11 (0.88–1.42)

0.381

 Arthritis/rheumatism

1.54 (1.29–1.86)

0.000

1.23 (1.01–1.49)

0.038

0.79 (0.71–0.89)

0.000

 Digestive disease

1.22 (1.01–1.47)

0.042

1.05 (0.85–1.29)

0.651

0.86 (0.76–0.97)

0.018

  1. aThe dependent variable has three discrete outcomes, each compared to the one used as the baseline outcome. All results are from one multinomial logit regression and each column shows the results from an outcome pair. In column 3, only the baseline outcome changed, so the RRRs are the quotients between those from columns 2 and 1. Standard errors are clustered at the household level. The phase 1 vaccination campaign ran from January 2021 to July/August 2021 and represents the early period when vaccines had not been available for more than 6 months; the phase 2 vaccination campaign ran from July/August 2021 to July/August 2022 and represents the later period. The 95% CI was calculated based on a Wald test.
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