Extended Data Fig. 1: Emotions by country (A) and vaccination status (B), as well as trust in institutions by country (C) and vaccination status (D).

To assess emotions, respondents were asked the following question: ‘When you think of the Corona crisis, how much do you feel...?’. For each item (hopeful, worried, angry, tired, and frustrated), the participants recorded their responses on a scale ranging from 0 ‘not at all’ to 10 ‘very much’. In total, 6,357 respondents participated in the survey (Austria: n = 3,187; Italy: n = 3,170); 270 (4%) participants did not answer the question about hope; 208 (3%) answers were missing for worry, 240 (4%) for anger, 236 (4%) for fatigue and 234 (4%) for frustration. To assess institutional trust, the respondents were asked, ‘How much trust do you have in each of the institutions mentioned?’. For each item (parliament, government, media, pharmaceutical industry, schools, healthcare system, and science), the participants recorded their responses on a 0-to-10 scale, ranging from 0 ‘no trust at all’ to 10 ‘very much trust’. 211 (3%) participants did not answer the question about parliament; 224 (4%) answers were missing for government, 207 (3%) for media, 238 (4%) for the pharmaceutical industry, 236 (4%) for schools, 186 (3%) for the health care system and 199 (3%) for science. Boxplots show medians +/-1.5 interquartile range (IQR). For information on the reliability and validity of the measurement, see the methods section.