Table 1 Clinical features of individuals included in the study cohorts stratified by sex

Age (years)

45.1 ± 14.0

42.9 ± 16.0

0.002

Menopause (no/transition/yes)^a

379/273/268 (41.2/29.7/29.1)

N/A

N/A

BMI (kg m⁻²)

38.1 ± 8.7

31.6 ± 8.0

<0.0001

Severe obesity

406 (43.8)

156 (16.6)

<0.0001

T2D/IFG (yes)

225 (24.5)

258 (27.7)

0.16

Total cholesterol (mg dl⁻¹)

192 ± 46

190 ± 42

0.89

Triglycerides (mg dl⁻¹)

130 ± 64

146 ± 84

<0.0001

HDL-cholesterol (mg dl⁻¹)

52 ± 16

44 ± 11

<0.0001

ALT (IU l⁻¹)

54 (34-80)

30 (19-48)

<0.0001

AST (IU l⁻¹)

34 (24-47)

22 (17-33)

<0.0001

NASH (yes)

249 (27.1)

370 (39.4)

<0.0001

Clinically significant fibrosis (yes)

161 (17.5)

259 (27.6)

<0.0001

PNPLA3, p.148M/M

128 (13.9)

142 (15.1)

0.51

Age (years)

43.9 ± 10.5

42.5 ± 10.7

0.61

Menopause (no/transition/yes)^b

55/35/17 (51.4/32.7/15.9)

N/A

N/A

BMI (kg m⁻²)

40.4 ± 7.4

42.3 ± 6.4

0.29

T2D/IFG (yes)

13 (12.2)

2 (11.1)

0.87

Total cholesterol (mg dl⁻¹)

208 ± 47

214 ± 43

0.71

Triglycerides (mg dl⁻¹)

132 ± 59

132 ± 59

0.48

HDL-cholesterol (mg dl⁻¹)

56 ± 14

46 ± 9

0.031

ALT (IU l⁻¹)

19 (14-26)

39 (24-51)

0.025

AST (IU l⁻¹)

17 (15-20)

26 (17-31)

0.37

NASH (yes)

8 (7.5)

6 (33.3)

0.001

Clinically significant fibrosis (yes)

4 (3.7)

3 (16.7)

0.20

PNPLA3, p.148M/M

8 (7.5)

1 (5.6)

0.08

Age (years)

44.2 ± 15.4

47.3 ± 13.8

<0.0001

Menopause (no/transition/yes)^c

1,089/897/1,006 (36.4/30.0/33.6)

NA

NA

Advanced fibrosis (yes)

168 (12.1)

343 (11.5)

0.51

HCC (yes)

38 (2.8)

133 (4.4)

0.007

PNPLA3, p.148M/M

171 (12.4)

1303 (10.1)

0.028

Age (years)

53.9 ± 5.9

53.9 ± 6.5

0.98

Menopause (no/transition/yes)^d

69/10/112 (36.1/5.2/58.7)

N/A

N/A

BMI (kg m⁻²)

28.8 ± 3.7

28.5 ± 3.0

0.26

T2D/IFG (yes)

26 (13.6)

56 (5.9)

0.0006

Total cholesterol (mg dl⁻¹)

208 ± 34

202 ± 33

0.034

Triglycerides (g dl⁻¹)

147 ± 62

166 ± 86

0.0006

HDL-cholesterol (mg dl⁻¹)

52 ± 10

44 ± 9

<0.0001

ALT (IU l⁻¹)

21 (16–27)

28 (22–37)

<0.0001

AST (IU l⁻¹)

20 (17–23)

23 (20–27)

<0.0001

NAFLD (controlled attenuation parameter ≥ 275 dB m⁻¹)

80 (41.9)

469 (49.5)

0.057

Clinically significant fibrosis (LSM ≥ 8 kPa)

1 (0.5)

25 (2.6)

0.11

PNPLA3, p.148M/M

17 (8.9)

75 (7.9)

0.31

Age (years)

53.8 ± 6.8

53.4 ± 6.8

0.91

Menopause (yes)

4 (66.7)

N/A

N/A

Age (years)

56.6 ± 7.9

57.0 ± 8.1

<0.0001

Menopause (yes)

134,358 (72.0)

N/A

N/A

E₂ (pmol l⁻¹)

538 ± 476

228 ± 79

<0.0001

BMI (kg m⁻²)

27.0 ± 5.1

27.8 ± 4.2

<0.0001

T2D (yes)

12,567 (6.7)

19,300 (12.0)

<0.0001

Total cholesterol (mg dl⁻¹)

228 ± 43

213 ± 43

<0.0001

Triglycerides (g dl−¹)

137 ± 75

175 ± 100

<0.0001

HDL-cholesterol (mg dl⁻¹)

62 ± 15

50 ± 11

<0.0001

ALT (IU l⁻¹)

18 (9-27)

20 (9-32)

<0.0001

AST (IU l⁻¹)

23 (16-30)

24 (16-32)

<0.0001

NAFLD, hepatic fat content ≥5.5% (n = 6,318)

2,416 (14.0)

3,902 (23.7)

<0.0001

PNPLA3, p.148M/M

7,571 (4.7)

8,814 (4.7)

0.93