Fig. 4: Yeast-responsive T_H1-CTLs from patients with CD have potent killing ability for IECs.

a, Ex vivo staining of cytotoxic markers (GZMB, PRF1, CD319 and CCL4) and IFN-γ of S. cerevisiae-reactive CD154⁺ T_mem cells. b, Statistical summary (HD, n = 16; CD, n = 22; UC, n = 15). c, Expression of cytotoxic markers in S. cerevisiae-reactive T cells of patients with CD according to their ASCA status (ASCA⁻, n = 8; ASCA⁺, n = 14). d, Real-time monitoring of cytotoxicity by electrical impedance measurement. Fungus-reactive CD154⁺ T_mem cells were incubated with primary IECs at the indicated T cell-to-target ratios (T:IECs) and IEC killing was monitored via changes in the cell index. Gray line: IECs without added T cells; blue line: IECs after adding the detergent Triton X-100 (positive control for maximal lysis); black lines: T cells from an HD; red lines: T cells from a patient with CD who was ASCA⁺. e, Summary of T cell-mediated killing after 35 h of coculture for M. restricta- and S. cerevisiae-reactive T_mem cells at different T cell-to-IEC ratios (healthy, n = 3; ASCA⁺ CD, n = 3). f, Statistical summary of T cell-mediated killing at a T cell-to-IEC ratio of 1:4 (HD S. cerevisiae, n = 5; M. restricta, n = 6; CD S. cerevisiae, n = 6, M. restricta n = 5). Each symbol in b, c, e and f represents one donor. Truncated violin plots with quartiles and range are shown in b and c. Error bars indicate mean and s.e.m. in e and f. Statistical differences were obtained with the two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test in c and the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test in f. Statistical differences to S. cerevisiae-reactive cells from patients with CD are indicated.