Extended Data Fig. 1: Definition of orphanhood and grandparent caregiver loss.
From: Orphanhood and caregiver death among children in the United States by all-cause mortality, 2000–2021
To quantify caregiver loss from all causes, we considered orphanhood defined as children experiencing the death of one or both parents, as well as in20 and following American Community Cohort definitions61,62,63 the loss of primary grandparent caregivers aged 30 years or older who live in the same household and provide care in the absence of a parent, or who provide for most of the basic needs for children, and separately the loss of secondary grandparent caregivers aged 30 years or older serving as head of household who own or rent the family’s housing and provide for some but not most of the basic needs of their grandchildren32,63.
